GUKORA ISABUNE MU BURYO BUBYARA INYUNGU

Inama zitandukanye kubakora nabifuza gukora isabune

Muraho, ikaze tugiye kuvuga ku nama zitandukanye kubifuza gukora n’abakora isabune. Gukora isabune byavamo umushinga wunguka. Turatanga inama ku gukora isabune zafasha cyane abatangizi n’abandi bari ku rwego ruciriritse btari ku rwego rw’inganda.

Ibiravugwaho:

 

• ibikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa 
• uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora isabune
• ibishobora kongerwa mu isabune
• ibindi byo kwitabwaho
• umwanzuro 

 IBIKORESHO BISHOBORA GUKORESHWA

• Thermometer (terimometre)
• Iminzani
• Amaforomo
•  Ameza yo gukatiraho
• Ibikoresho by’ubwirinzi(gants, amalunete yabugenewe(goggles), inkweto zifunze, ishati y’amaboko maremare, udufunga musatsi) 
• Utubati twaho amasabune amara mbere yo kujyanwa muri sitoke (curing area)
• Ibikarito byo gushiramo amasabune arajyanwa muri sitoke(box for packaging)
• Sitoke(stock)
• Amajage yo gupimisha (measuring jug or flasks, beakers)
• Ibipimo by’aside (pHmeter or paper indicators)
• Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kuvanga bikozwe mu cyuma kitangizwa n’umugese (niba ukiri ku cyiciro cyo hasi ushobora kuvangira mu ndobo zikozwe muri plastike naho kuvanga uvangishe ibikoze mu giti).
• Uramutse ugeze kurwego rw’uruganda uzakenera amatanka yo kuvangiramo, kubikamo ibinyabutabire bikenerwa mu gukora isabune.
• Ibishyiraho ibirango (Stampeuse)
• Hydrometer yo gupima ingano ya kositike soda (determination of caustic concentration) 

 Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora isabune

Iyo ugiye kuvuga kubijyanye no gukora isabune bisaba ko uhitamo uburyo ugiyekuvugaho. Mu buryo bwo gukora isabune harimo: 

• Uburyo bukonje (Cold process)
• Uburyo bwa akazuyaze (Semi-boiled process)
• Uburyo bwo kubiza (Full boiled process)
• Uburyo bwo kuyisubiramo (melt and pour method)

 

Hashingiwe uburyo umushinga (production chain) wawe uzakora nanone dushora kuvuga ubundi buryo bubiri.

 Aribwo:

•  Uburyo bw’uruhererekane rudahagarara (Continuous process)
• Uburyo bwo guteka inkono ku nkono (Batch process) 

Ubu buryo tuvuze buri rusange kubijyanye no gutunganya ibintu runaka mu nganda (manufacturing process). Ibuka guhitamo uburyo urakoresha mu gukora isabune kwawe bukunogeye ugendeye ku bushobozi bwawe.

Gukora isabune hifashishijwe uburyo twise ubukoje (cold process) 

Icyitonderwa:

•  Ibipimo biboneka bitewe n’ubwoko bw’amavuta yakoreshejwe. Ushobora kubibona ukoresheje mubazi yo gukora isabune iboneka kuri murandasi. Iyo twashima ni iboneka kuri mubazi 'isabune kuri murandasi
• Ariko harigihe hifashishwa (amavuta 7, amazi 7/3, caustic soda 7/7) cg se (1: 1/3: 1/7)
• Isabune ikorerwa mu bintu bitangizwa na caustic soda bishyatse kuvuga ko idakorerwa mu masafuriya akozwe muri aluminium.
• Caustic soda irangiza bityo umutekano waho gukorera ni ngombwa. Ukora agomba kuba yambaye agapfukamunwa, goggles(amalunete), gants(udupfukantoki), umusatsi ufunze neza cyangwa ukora yambaye akarinda umusatsi, imyenda miremire, inkweto zifunze n’ishati y’amaboko maremare. • Aho gukorera hagomba kuba hagutse hagera umwuka uhagije
• Nta abana bagera aho bakorera mu rwego rwo kubarinda ko hagira ibyo bakoramo cyangwa banywa bikabangiza no kwirinda izindi mpanuka.
•  Gukorana ubushishozi ni ingenzi. Ubu buryo dukoresheje nibwo twita cold process (uburyo bukoje) kuko hazamo guhoza amavuta ndetse n’imvange ya caustic soda n’amazi. 

 IBISHOBORA KONGERWA MU ISABUNE 

Mu bikenerwa byingenzi mu gukora isabune ni amazi, amavuta na sude. Ariko hari ibindi binyabutabire cg ibindi bintu bishobora kongerwa bikomoka kubimera cg ku nyamaswa (amata, ubuki, igikakarubamba, amavuta...).  

• Gushyira amabara mu isabune 

Amabara ajya mu isabune aragurwa akagurwa wasobanuye ubwoko bw’isabune iryo bara izajyamo. (urugero, dushobora kubaza tuti:”turasha ubururu bwo mu isabune ikomeye”). Ariko nanone amabara shobora kuva mu byatsi cyangwa mu ibumba (ubutaka). Ibara rero niba wamaze kuri bona kuri shyira mu isabune biterwa n’ubwoko bwaryo hari rijya mu mavuta mbere yo gutangira gukora isabune hari nirijya mu mazi avanze na caustic soda ndetse harishobora kujya mu isabune mbere yo kuyishira mu maforomo. Byumvikane ko mbere yo gukoresha ibara ubanza kuraba aho ryivanga neza kuko hari igihe ritivanga n’amavuta ariko byashoboka ko ryivanga n’amazi. Ibumba ryo rishyirwa mu mazi mbere yo kuyavanga na caustic soda. Iyo ukoresheje ibyatsi nk’urugero betterave ubanza kuyiteka mu mazi uraza gukoresha ukayungurura noneho amazi yabonetsemo akaba ariyo ukoresha mu gukora isabune. Kubijyanye ni ibyatsi urebye ni uko bikorwa (ibara riva muri carroti n’ibindi)

•   Impumuro 

Impumuro zikoreshwa ku isoko rigomba kugurwa usobanuye neza ubwoko bw’isabune uzayikoreshamo kuko impumuro zibazitandukanye uhereye mu cyo zizakoreshwa. impumuro zikoreshwa mu isabune ikomeye, itandukanye nizakoreshwa mu isbune y’amazi bibaye ngombwa ugomba kubanza wasobanurira ugiye kukugurisha. Ibyatsi nabyo bishobora guta impumuro (urugero ibibabi by’indimu bitekwa mu mazi araza gukoreshwa cg mu mavuta, n’ibindi). Ikoreshwa ry’ibyatsi mu isabune Umumaro w’ibyatsi mu isabune - Gutanga ibara - Kuvura - Kunoza uruhu - Impumuro .

 

IBINDI BYO KWITABWAHO

Muri tekinike 

Niba umaze guhitamo uburyo urakoresha hari ibikenewe Wamaze kumva neza ibijyanye no gukora isabune urabizi neza rwose ndetse witeguye kuba wabikora nk’umushinga. Rero hari ibindi ushobora gushingaho agati: 

• kwandika neza uko uzajya ukora isabune yawe mu buryo bunoze, busobanutse neza kandi bwumvika neza kuri buri wese.
• kwandika neza nanone ibikerwa mu gukora isabune (Raw materials and ingredients) uteganye aho bizava bihendutse unateganye ubuziranenge bwabyo uko buzagarazwa.
• Shushanya uruhererekane (steps) kuva wakiriye ibikoresho(raw materials) kugeza isabune zisohotse.
• Garagaza amaforomo, stamp, packaging na labelling.

Amaforomo ku mushinga ukiri hasi cyangwa ugitangira ashobora gukora mu mbaho hagakorwamo box zifunguka. Isabune iyo imaze kuboneka isukwa muri izo box ikaba ariho yumira nyuma rero igafungurwa isabune igashyirwa ku meza aho irakatirwa. Igatwa mu buryo bwahiswemo. Amasabune yamase gukatwa ashirwaho ibirango (stamp) Icyitonderwa isabune iba itarangiza kwihuza muriyo bityo kwambara gants ni ingenzi Shyiraho udupapuro tugaragaza ibirimo nurangiza upakinge (Labels and packaging) Niba umaze gupfunyika amasabune yawe mu buryo butandukanye - amakarito, udukarito duto ku masabune yo koga 

   Isuku n’umutekano 

•  Teganya aho abaje gukora bashira ibyo bazanye bishoboka ko bisigara ndetse naho guhindurira imyenda bibaye ngombwa, mbere yo kwinjira mu akazi naho ubika ibikoresho byabo.
• Shyiraho amategeko agenga ibijyanye ni isuku n’umutekano waho gukorera.
• Ambara inkweto zo mu kazi
•  Ambara agapfuka munwa 
• Kwirinda guhumeka umwuka uva mu imvange ya caustic soda n’amazi n'ibindi binyabutabire kuko byangiza wambara neza agapfukamunwa  na linete zirinda amaso.
•  Teganya ubutabazi bw’ibanze
• Guterura ibikoresho n’ibinyabutabire bikoranwa ubwitonzi n’ubushishozi
• shyira  hafi ibikoresho n'ibindi binyabutabire birakenerwa mu rwego rwo kwirinda impanuka no kogira ibyakwangirika utangiye gukora ukagira icyo ubura.
• Funga neza ikintu kibitsemo caustic soda kuko yangirika iyo ihuye n’umwuka 
• Shyira caustic soda n’amazi mu mavuta ariko ntushyire amavuta muri caustic soda
• Ambara agapfuka musatsi 
• Ambara agapfukantoki (gants) 
• rinda aho ukorera ibishobora gutera impanuka
• Garagaza isuku yaho ukorera
•  Aho gukorera hagomba kuba hafite isuku .
•  Ibikoresho bigomba kuba byogeje neza.
• abakora bagomba kuba bafite isuku ihagije

  Imiyoborere inoze 

Iyo bigeze ku miyoborere tuvuga ko ariho ruzingiye. Uko byakorwa kose imiyoborere iri hasi umushinga nawo uba ugiye hasi niba rero dushize imbere kunguka dushyire imbere imiyoborere myiza y'umushinga. Mu miyoborere y'umushinga hakwibandwa kuri ibi bikurikira:

•  Gutandukanya umutungo wa nyir’umushinga n’umutungo w’umushinga. 
• Gutegura imbata y’umushinga (business plan) Gutegura imbata y’umushinga ni ingenzi nubwo utaba ufite abayisabye, biba byiza iyo iyikoreshwa nkuko iri. ikindi kandi iyo hagize ikiza kitari cyanditse kikandikwa. ibikorwa bya buri munsi bigomba gupimirwa ku mbata y’umushinga. Imbata y’umushinga ishobora gusubirwamo nyuma y’igihe runaka ikajyana n’igihe bitewe naho umushinga ugeze rero n’ibyiza gukora umushinga uzabonera igishoro ahubwo hagateganwa aho umushinga uza gukurira (kwagukira) igihe inyungu cg inkunga ibonetse.
•  kumenya gushyiraho igiciro. Iki ni igikorwa cya buri munsi, icyumeru, ukwezi ndetse no mu mwaka. - kumenya kugena gushiraho igiciro si inkintu cyo kujenjekera mbese ni ihurizo ry’umushinga kuko iyo igiciro kitajyane n’ibyakoreshejwe byose, imisoro ndetse n’inyungu biba bipfuye.
•  kumenya ubushobozi bw’umushinga mu ingano y’ibyo itunganya mu gihe cy’umunsi umwe, icyumweru no mu gihe cy’umwaka. Ibyo batunganya (produced) bigomba kugereranywa n’isoko rihari cg se n’isoko riteganijwe. 
• kugaragaza neza uburyo umushinga utazabanga mira ibidukikije. Ibi bituruka muri production ariko uyoboye agomba kuba abyumva.
•  gutegura inama no gukurikirana neza ibikorwa by’umushinga gusesengura ku birimo birakorwa mu mushinga hakabaho kwisuzuma. Nyuma hakwiye gufatwa ingamba zibikwiye gukorwa kugirango umushinga urusheho gutera imbere.
•  Gushiraho ingengabihe ushiraho amasaha yo gukora k’umunsi mu cyumweru mu kwezi no mu mwaka. iyi gahunda igendana n’amabwiriza agenga aho bakorera n’ibyo bakora iyo bageze mu kazi.
•  kugira ishyinguranyandiko
•  gutegura amakontara ateguwe neza gushyiraho (contract form) idapyinagaza umushinga kandi ikaba idakabya ngo ibe yabongamira abakozi mbese igomba kwigwaho byimbitse. Kubatangizi n’abafite ubushobozi buke bashobora gutangira bikorera abandi bakora nyakabyi bitewe n’isoko rihari. Kubangamira abakozi ni ukubangamira umushinga kandi kubangamira umushinga ni ukwirukana abakozi, ubwo rero kwita ku mushinga no kwita ku bakozi bigomba kwitabwaho.
•  Kumenya isoko no kwamamaza
•  Kumenya neza umushinga n’ibikikije umushinga Umushinga ntuzakorera mu kirere uzakenera abantu n’ibintu. Kugirango rero umushinga ugendeneza ugomba kuba wo ubwawo ufite amahoro kandi n’ibikikije umushinga ari amahoro. Imikoranire hagati y’umushinga n’ibiwukikije Reka tuvuge ko ari byiza imikoranire iri hagati y’umushinga cg uruganda naho aba ari ntamakemwa (Umushinga utangiza ibidukikije, atari ikibazo kuba wuturiye, utazana amakimbirane ayariyo yose nicyo yabashingiyeho cyose udahangana n’ubuyobozi bwite bwa leta ndetse n’ibindi byatuma ijyanwa mu inkiko). Umushinga ugaragaza inyungu ku bandi no kuri nyirawo Aha rero ni byiza kugaragaza -icyo umarira abakorana nawo abawuturiye ndetse nicyo uteganya kubafasha -kubahiriza gahunda za leta cyane cyane zirimo kwishyura imisoro n’ibindi bijyanye n’umushinga. -kwitabira amarushanwa, imurikagurisha niba bishobora guteza imbere umushinga cyangwa abawuturiye.

Umwanzuro

Gukora isabune ni imwe mu mishanga ishobora gukorwa haherewe ku gishoro gito kuko bidasaba kuba ufite uruganda. kugirango bihindukemo umushinga ni uko bihabwa umwanya kandi ukarushaho gushaka inama zitandukanye ndetse ukiga gukora isabune ifite umwimerere wayo atari ukwigana amasabune y'abandi. Isabune zishobora gukorwa kimwe ariko zigatandukanira ku ingano y'ibindi byiyongera mu isabune (ratio of other ingredients).